![]() Sternal and lateral recumbency in cattle with clinical BEF are shown in Additional file 1. Infection may be clinically unapparent or result in mild to severe clinical signs including a bi-phasic fever, salivation, ocular and nasal discharge, recumbency, muscle stiffness, lameness and anorexia. ![]() BEFV does not occur in the islands of the Pacific, Europe (other than in the western regions of Turkey) or in the Americas where, for quarantine purposes, it is considered as an important exotic pathogen. It occurs over a vast expanse of the globe from the southern tip of Africa to the Nile River Delta, across the Middle East through South and South-East Asia, into northern and eastern Australia, and throughout most of China, extending into Taiwan, the Korean Peninsula and southern Japan (Figure 1). It causes an acute febrile illness of cattle and water buffalo known as bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) or various other local names such as 3-day sickness, bovine enzootic fever, bovine influenza or stiffseitke. We also discuss the effectiveness of vaccination and other strategies to prevent or control infection.īovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) an arthropod-borne rhabdovirus which is classified as the type species of the genus Ephemerovirus. Here, we review current knowledge of the virus, including its molecular and antigenic structure, and the epidemiology of the disease across its entire geographic range. There are also concerns that, like other vector-borne diseases of livestock, the geographic distribution of bovine ephemeral fever could expand into regions that have historically been free of the disease. In recent years, unusually severe outbreaks of bovine ephemeral fever have been reported from several regions in Asia and the Middle East, with mortality rates through disease or culling in excess of 10–20%. There are also significant impacts on trade to regions in which the disease does not occur, including the Americas and most of Europe. Although mortality rates are typically low, infection prevalence and morbidity rates during outbreaks are often very high, causing serious economic impacts through loss of milk production, poor cattle condition at sale and loss of traction power at harvest. Caused by an arthropod-borne rhabdovirus, bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV), the disease occurs seasonally over a vast expanse of the globe encompassing much of Africa, the Middle East, Asia and Australia. Bovine ephemeral fever (or 3-day sickness) is an acute febrile illness of cattle and water buffaloes.
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